The misidentification of Lupinus nanus or Lupinus bicolor
Are you good with Lupine sp. ?
Last year, and this year I practiced using the Jepson eFlora key to Lupinus. I identified several annuals and learned the main difference to confirm between L. nanus, and L. bicolor is the proportion of the banner petal. There are others on the key with a similar banner to L. bicolor, but I didn't expect to see them in the area I was looking, so I could safely ignore those.
Between L. nanus and L. bicolor the keel margin cilia are about the same. In L. nanus the banner is about as wide as long, or slightly wider than long. In L. bicolor the banner is longer than wide. Sometimes it is obvious. Once you get to know the local population, it is clear, as well.
L. nanus are generally larger, more densely packed whorls, and very fragrant in my experience. They also form large groups of plants. L. bicolor is usually smaller, and less dense. There are some other annuals in the branch of the key that L. bicolor is in, so you also check for a tooth on the keel. But I think the species in that group are not around San Luis Obispo County, if I recall correctly.
All this to say, if I look through all the observations of L. bicolor, I easily find many I'm sure are L. nanus to my eyes. People confirm their ID, and others jump on, but then they can't always explain why they made the choice. I think they're just looking at photos.
Then, north of here (San Mateo County, and north), apparently the banner on L. bicolor can look less narrow than smaller ones I've seen further south. At least from what I see people posting, and they assure me it is L. bicolor, but I can't tell by their photo.
Let's all please be more careful with these because they look so similar.
Thoughts?
Observaciones
Fotos / Sonidos
Qué
Lupinus bicolorObserv.
leafybyeDescripción
Odor: none detected, however a pollinator perhaps detects something. ;)
The Lupinus bicolor on this dry, sandy soil corner of the Nipomo Mesa, barely out of the dunes, on residential, basically stabilized dune habitat. L. nanus 1/2 block away. There was rain today, however.
This diminutive Lupine has an inflorescence head that is only about 15mm diameter as viewed from above. I will return with a better scale.
The banner petal tapers up, and is longer than wide. I observed this patch of Lupine last year, and took photographs of the flower parts, and with a metric ruler. I didn't post that yet, I don't think.
I will return for more photos of these, these were taken in a hurry, a bit blurry, and I only had a inches scale handy.
Fotos / Sonidos
Qué
Lupinus nanusObserv.
leafybyeDescripción
Odor: sweet, like candy.
This L. nanus patch on my street is back again, and others down the road, I'm sure. I keyed it out last year, so I know what it is.
I will return for more photos. I would like to post photos of all the parts of the flower, and the stem base, including with a metric ruler.
L. nanus forms fields around here, and smells delightful. L. bicolor, located on the next corner over, is diminutive, and has no odor that I can detect.
Environment is basically coastal, stabilized dunes, not far from open dunes, residential neighborhood, Nipomo Mesa.
Mediterranean climate, and good rainfall so far this year for this area, it seems. California in general is getting a decent amount of rain.
I'm grateful!
Fotos / Sonidos
Qué
Lupinus nanusObserv.
leafybyeDescripción
Banner as wide as long.
Also, I'm familiar with the L. nanus here.
They also smell nice, until they turn purple from pollination, signaling nectar is unavailable and the flower is fertilized.
Fotos / Sonidos
Qué
Lupinus bicolorObserv.
leafybyeDescripción
This patch of L. bicolor is very low-growing, and small.
Photos show pedicel length, banner length and width, keel petal close-up, and of course the whorled flowers on the inflorescence.
Pedicel is < 3 mm long, keel upper margin ciliate from middle to tip, banner measurably longer than wide.
Found on sandy soil.
Fotos / Sonidos
Qué
Lupinus bicolorObserv.
leafybyeDescripción
This is a very interesting patch of Lupinus bicolor! The pedicel length is at the upper limits of what is expected for this species. These are very tall, with very large flowers for L. bicolor! Also, most are a very pale blue! When pollinated, these are very pretty.
Banner is longer than wide, as shown in photos with banner petal and ruler.
Fotos / Sonidos
Qué
Lupinus nanusObserv.
leafybyeDescripción
Lupinus nanus is beginning to fruit here. The banner color is gorgeous once pollinated. The odor becomes more musky or winey.
Comentarios
I'm not there yet (IDing Lupinus nor have I actually keyed out plants to ID them as I have for fungi)... @catchang and @gbentall do that. @bigsurwild Do you know much about Lupinus? @grnleaf is very knowledgeable about plants as well.
@flygrl67 Hi, some of these same iNaturalist users were also confused about the key, until I pointed it out.
The problem becomes a snowball effect when people confirm an ID just comparing photos of the whole plant, because they look similar. A quick look through all the L. bicolor posts reveal many questionable identifications, and several people confirmed the ID, but with no notes nor reason noted. I questioned some people to provide more data, with sometimes no response.
So, the wrong photo gets added to the research grade pile, then people look at a photo of L. nanus labeled as L. bicolor, and misidentify L. nanus again. Maybe this site shouldn't incentivize ID, or maybe Community ID should be 3/4 or 5/6.
Mainly, if someone is not sure of a species, they should only ID to their confidence level. I don't think guessing is helpful.
@j-dar Hi, about what we were discussing, re: Lupinus, I made a journal post to discuss. Is there a place to discuss a Genus, Species, or other taxa on this site, I wonder?
I've keyed out Lupinus both perennial and annual. There is one web site that helps with the finer points, that I found. It is good to practice with many individuals in different areas to get to know them.
Can you share links to some questionable IDs?
@gbentall Good question, I was planning on adding these, but I just did not have time yet. In fact, one of the questionable ones, now looks like it could be L. bicolor. I don't know what it is about looking at them in 2 dimensions, but it can be tricky.
Here is one, but now I think it is L. bicolor.
It is possible, that I am just confused, of course. I only know what I've observed and measured in my area of California.
EDIT: Sure enough, for one of the observations I thought was incorrectly identified, I looked again, and they were right, and I was wrong. So, I need to start looking at more in the field of different sizes. It can be hard to look at a screen and tell sometimes.
They're tricky by photo at times, and I totally understand why people misidentify them. Including myself.
@gbentall This one I agree is Lupinus nanus, it is obvious, to me, and is what I expect it basically to look like. https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/20914776
And this, I agree is L. bicolor:
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/12402859
@gbentall
Here I will list questionable:
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/5962945
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/713561
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/621076
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/11856777
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/12386632
The debate that started my investigation:
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/10941154
That's all for now, but I could look through all the photos of L. bicolor and spot many, I'm sure. Thanks!!!
Lupinus sp .observations added from my neighborhood from today to my Journal post. I need better photos, however.
Thanks for linking to those. I've just browsed them quickly, and suspect you're right in most cases, though I side with Cat Chang on the first debate :-) I can take a closer look soon...
I have not had time to look at the comparisons of L. bicolor and L. nanus, but I got Dr. Keil's preview Lupine key specifically for SLO County from his upcoming revised Vascular Plants of SLO County and I thought this might help in the discussion. Hope there are not many errors since I scanned it and converted to text.
Dave Krause
............................................
1' Annual
Flowers in whorls along inflorescence axis
Pods ovoid, 1-2-seeded; cotyledons wide, sessile, connate into a persistent disk, or leaving a circular scar around stem base
Wing petals widely elliptic, not withering, in age translucent; lower margins of keel petals proximally ciliate; vestigial lateral lobes present between upper and lower
calyx lips, 1-2 mm L. microcarpus var. horizonalis
15' Wing petals linear to oblanceolate, withering in age, not translucent; lower margins of keel petals glabrous or occasionally proximally sparsely ciliate; vestigial lateral lobes absent between upper and lower calyx lips
Bracts with short, appressed to long, spreading hairs; pods
mostly on 1 side of inflorescence axis,± spreading L. microcarpus var. densiflorus
16' Bracts with long, shaggy hairs; pods± uniformly
distributed around inflorescence axis,± erect. L. microcarpus var. microcarpus
14' Pods oblong, 3-12-seeded; cotyledons narrow, petioled, distinct, not leaving a circular scar around stem base
Plant puberulent or appearing ± glabrous, fleshy; lower and upper margins of keel petals proximally ciliate, distally glabrous. L. succulentus
17' Plant moderately to densely hairy, not succulent; lower and upper margins of keel petals proximally glabrous, distally glabrous or upper margin distally ciliate
Banner petal as wide as long or wider; pedicels (2.5)3-9 mm
Upper keel-petal margin glabrous, lower margin proximally ciliate L. beruhamii
19' Upper keel-petal margin distally ciliate, lower margin glabrous L. nanus
18' Banner petal longer than wide; pedicels usually 1-3(3.5) mm
Pod 3-6 mm wide; upper keel-petal margin usually
distally ciliate L. bicolor
20' Pod 6-9 mm wide; keel-petal margins glabrous L. pachylobus
13' Flowers mostly or all spiraled around inflorescence axis
Herbage armed with stiff, spreading bristles; leaflets 10-20 mm wide L. hirsutissimus
21' Herbage with ± soft, appressed to spreading hairs; leaflets 1.5-8 mm. wide
Herbage inconspicuously appressed-puberulent; petals rose- purple L. truncatus
22' Herbage evidently spreading-hairy; petals generally blue (sometimes rose purple in L. concinnus; aging pink to purple in L. nipomensis)
Pedicels ~ 2 mm; lower margins of keel petals glabrous
Peduncle of central inflorescence generally erect, lateral peduncles often decumbent and upturned at tip; flowers usually present in proximal leaf axils; coastal hills to interior, often following fires L. concinnus
24' Peduncles of central and lateral inflorescences decumbent, upturned at tip; flowers absent in proximal leaf axils; Guadalupe dunes L. nipomensis
23' Pedicels 2-9 mm; lower margins of keel petals proximally ciliate
Leaflets adaxially glabrous; pedicels 5-9 mm; bracts 10- 15 mm L. benthamii
25’ Leaflets adaxially hairy, at least near margin; pedicels 2- 4 mm; bracts 3-5 mm L. sparsiflorus
Lupinus bicolor Lindl. • MINIATURE LUPINE. Annual, 1-4 dm; herbage softly hairy. Petiole 1-7 cm; leaflets 5-7, 10--40 mm, 1-5 mm wide, adaxially generally± glabrous. Peduncle 3-10 cm; racemes 1-8 cm, flowers in whorls; pedicels 1-3.5 mm; bracts 4--6 mm. Flowers 4-10 mm; calyx upper lip 2-4 mm, deeply lobed, lower 4--6 mm; petals generally blue, banner spot white, in age magenta, keel petal upper margin generally distally ciliate. Pods 1-3 cm, generally 3-6 mm wide, hairy; seeds 4-8. Common in all portions of the county in one form or another, mostly in sandy or gravelly soils. [including var. microphyllus (S.Watson) C.P.Sm.; L. polycarpus Greene]
Lupinus nanus Douglas ex Benth. • SKY LUPINE. Annual 1-6 dm; herbage,± densely hairy, green to silvery. Petioles 2-8.5 cm; leaflets 5-9, generally 7, 10-40 mm, 1-12 mm wide, occasionally linear. Peduncle 2-15 cm; raceme 2-20 cm, flowers generally whorled; pedicels 2.5-7 mm; bracts 4-12 mm. Flowers 6-15 mm; calyx 4-8 mm, lips± equal, upper deeply lobed; petals generally blue, banner spot white, upper keel-petal margin distally ciliate, lower margin glabrous. Pods 2-4 cm,4-7 mm wide; seeds 4-12. Common and widely distributed across the county, in favorable years forming mass floral displays: along coast from Arroyo de la Cruz to Nipomo Mesa, east to Salinas Valley, La Panza Range, northern Carrizo Plain, and western slope of Temblor Range [including var. latifolius Benth.; var. menkerae C.P.Sm.; var. maritimus Hoover].
Gotta get that book!
We are all waiting anxiously for it to be published.
@dkincmbria @gbentall
Dear Dave Krause, you are my hero. Thanks for alerting me about this book! This is the book I need!
So, to be fair to all, Lupine ID have always been tricky, and the Jepson mentions vigorous L. bicolor could seem like L. nanus, then also mentions that a small L. nanus could be confused with L. bicolor.
My problem is I haven't been out in the field looking at them since last spring. But in the last several days I have been looking at some of these. From the photos I think from the back at an angle is the best way to see how the banner pedal is different.
@gbentall
So they are easily misidentified from each other, and probably more so by photo rather being there in person. And the problem I have is maybe there needs to be some way to avoid this on this site with similar species, encouraging people to not just use Photo comparisons until they're sure of the identification of a particular species from experience.
the question is how long is it going to take to go through all of the photos?
@dkincmbria
I especially want to thank you for sharing Dr. Keil's key. This is invaluable to me. The local Lupinus chamissonis have a little bit of hair on upper keel which kind of differs from the Jepson eFlora key and I'm sure of this species when I see it. I live near dunes. However the Jepson key says it's not hairy but maybe they also mean if it's barely hairy that doesn't count either.
There is another variant of Lupinus chamissonis in area which has a slightly different smelling flower and color and quite a few hairs on the upper keel margin from middle to tip. But it's definitely not Silver Lupine. It's a Silver Dune lupine. I have some photos of it I'm going to post observation. The thing is crammed in with some neighbors of the same species along Highway 1 and the other side is a strawberry field. It's living on the margins. Maybe the strawberry field makes it smell and look different, LOL.
Oh my goodness my grammar sounds horrible up there in that last comment. I was using speech to text. I'll fix it later.
From above "Lupinus bicolor Lindl. • MINIATURE LUPINE. Annual, 1-4 dm; herbage softly hairy."
"Lupinus nanus Douglas ex Benth. • SKY LUPINE. Annual 1-6 dm; herbage,± densely hairy, green to silvery."
Herbage is all but flower and roots etc?
And can anybody tell me the difference between softly hairy and densely hairy? I guess I'll just have to go out and look at these species some more.
pedicels (2.5)3-9
What is the parenthesis?
I read through that key above in my head, and it works for me for L. bicolor and L. nanus.
Are the populations of Lupinus bicolor around here disjunt from the populations in the Bay Area?
@gbentall I suppose somebody could step up and write a guide about how to make a better lupinus identification and what photos to take to help people run it through the key.
@leafybye
As you said above, it can be difficult to distinguish between L. nanus and L. bicolor by photo when the plants are not typical. I generally see L. nanus as larger and with wider leaflets than L. bicolor. The only sure way is to pick off a banner petal and measure it and that is hard to do from a photo!
Regarding some of your questions, I think the numbers in parentheses are the outliers for observations, such that pedicels (2.5)3-9 would be that 2.5 mm would be the smallest observed in the samples measured for the key.
I'm not sure about our populations of L. bicolor being disjunct from the Bay Area but I don't think so because the species is so abundant and widespread throughout CA.
@dkincmbria Thanks!
I just added some Lupine observations. I welcome anyone who wants to ID them! The second & third newest observations look similar (3/17/2019), but I thought they seemed a little different. http://bit.ly/lupinus
@flygrl67 I will look when I get a chance. Let me know if you want tips about what to photograph for the key in the future.
It would be nice to work on a set of images that reflects the choices made in the key for each species and also from different areas of California. Then perhaps those could be made into guides or a guide on how to make a better Lupine observation. So I will probably start working on that, but it would be nice to get other people to take macro images of flower parts and stuff like that.
@leafybye If you want to work on those images together sometime soon I would totally be up for that. I would even use my tripod & DSLR and make some serious images (instead of the cell phone images I usually post)! There are multiple species of Lupinus blooming now right in my neighborhood woods in Avila.
@flygrl67 Yes, that would be great, Avila would be a good area! See Canyon, and those other Canyons are good for plants, and that extends toward Avila. Yeah, message me to discuss details.
For annuals, there are probably at least 4 Lupine sp. flowering. Later, photos of the fruit would be nice.
I live in one of those "Other canyons." Actually, it's just one canyon over from See Canyon. :-)
@flygrl67 Today I used my scale to do a sample rough draft. In this case, it is an annual Lupine, Lupinus nanus. I took photos of the whole plant, and then some with the ruler of different parts. The cotyledons are important for the key, but I didn't find them. I don't need them to verify this species, but for the record I should look around for them again.
So, I took photos of the plant, inflorescence with scale, flower with scale, leaf with scale, keel petal with scale, and banner petal with scale. The key talks about it being hairy to the naked eye, and I think we can see that. Also, for L. nanus the key says banner as long as wide or so, and pedicels 3-9 mm as opposed to 1-3 mm. The lighting was fading, and my keel is blurry, but the upper margin should have some hairs near the tip, and the lower should be glabrous.
So, basically the photos show the plant features and sizes, with special emphasis on what is needed for the key.
Here: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/21473613
http://tchester.org/plants/analysis/lupinus/identification.html
The above link is what I want to do for SLO County. A photo guide to the features.
@leafybye I'm excited to do the photography (as well as excited to learn how to ID better)! Just direct me what to photograph, and I'll do it.
I will stage the plants, and direct, sure.
I added a L. bicolor with scale yesterday: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/21501646
Also, a L. nanus with scale:
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/21477902
Check this one out! https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/21975753
Here is a rolling list of my Lupinus bicolor observations, please help me confirm the identity of any not yet confirmed, if my photos are convincing:
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/leafybye?utf8=%E2%9C%93&q=&search_on=&quality_grade=any&reviewed=&geoprivacy=&identifications=any&captive=&place_id=&swlat=&swlng=&nelat=&nelng=&taxon_name=Lupinus+bicolor&taxon_id=50614&day=&month=&year=&order_by=observed_on&order=desc&rank=&hrank=&lrank=&taxon_ids%5B%5D=&d1=&d2=&created_on=&site=&tdate=&list_id=&filters_open=true&view=map
I see these are a couple years old, and I also know and acknowledge that making your own photography key is probably time-consuming. But I'm very interested in lupines, and am a very visual person, so I'm curious if anything ever came of this idea of a key with photos illustrating the various features?
Hi @ekmes I got together with a friend with a macro lens, and we did get some photos of a few species, but we never collaborated after that.
However, several of my older Lupinus sp. observations have some good photos that show all of the key features. I can try to find them and improve the concept this season.
@ekmes To get the jargon about the flower parts, did you see this? http://tchester.org/plants/analysis/lupinus/identification.html
It is very helpful, if not complete. Note, the claw of a flower petal is simply the end that attaches, and the tip is what it sounds like, the opposite and distal end of a flower petal. In Lupine, the keel is actually 2 petals fused together, and then that is enclosed by the wings, and the banner covers all of it in bud, but in flower the banner is up.
https://www2.palomar.edu/users/warmstrong/termfl2.htm
See 8. Shapes Of Flowers (Cont.)
Papilionaceous Flower Of Fabaceae (Legume Family)
Family Fabaceae--Subfamily Papilionoideae:
Thank you so much! I have seen that page before but had lost it, so thank you, it's very useful. I do try to make an effort to photograph for example the keel when I can. And the flower terminology page helps a lot too; I often find myself googling and scratching my head when trying to decipher keys... I'll be combining this with the key to try to get some better results this spring when the lupines pop back up :)
@ekmes The best way to learn them is to have the relevant key / photos / notes on your phone and try to ID in the field and not later. I found that I learned more doing it that way. A few years ago I had back surgery, and I was not supposed to sit, I was supposed to walk a lot. I was living on the Nipomo Mesa and I started going out from home trying to find as many native plants as I could within walking distance. I learned how to tell the L. bicolor from L. nanus, then I found the L. truncatus, and the shrubs on the Mesa were L. arboreus and L. chamissonis.
The annuals have different seasons also. L. bicolor and L. nanus do flower at the same time, but L. bicolor starts earlier in general. I did already observe the L. bicolor in the vegetative state all over, as well as L. succulentus, and L. hirsutissimus. I'm also good with L. latifolius and L. albifrons (except the varieties). I am way less familiar with the interior annuals that you might find out Highway 58 or at Carrizo Plain.
Anyway, if you look around for new sprouts, check out the cotyledons, because they tell a story for the key.
You can make a checklist form also, then process with the key. For example, get photos of; overall plant, cotyledons or scars where they were (annuals), leaf blade upper and lower surface, banner back hairy or not, banner size, pedicel length, keel hairs, keel lobe present or not, keel tooth present or not, hairy wings or not, if the flowers are arranged in a whorl or a spiral around the peduncle (annuals mostly), and not but least, number of seeds per fruit and size of fruit.
Thank you for the information. The lupines in my area are starting to bloom so I've spent some time with a printed out Jepson key poking at the plants. I have what I believe are two different species comingled and blooming at the same time (I suspect L. bincolor and L. nanus, but more later...).
One thing I am having trouble with is the cotyledons. The Jepson key's very first couplet for annuals asks for cotyledon details to begin to separate, but these plants are already past seedling stage and the proper leaves seem to start right at the ground, so determining if there were cotyledons present or if there was a scar or not has been difficult... I haven't been able to find any yet, but absence of evidence isn't necessarily evidence of absence, and I'm especially loath to trust my call on this matter because I'm so inexperienced.--it could be that they're there and I just don't recognize them. The rest of that couplet asks for details about the seeds/fruit, which I also don't have access to yet....
My current strategy to deal with this situation is to just try keying out the plant on either the first or second half of the couplet and seeing what comes out.
I'm running into problems with some very small flowers I've found--these are from last year, but the same population: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/40558075 I didn't notice these for a long time because they are so small and unassuming! I suspect they are L. bicolor, but the key says they should be whorled at at least some of the nodes, and I've yet to find any of these small-flowered lupines that are obviously whorled. I did measure the banner and it was obviously longer than wide, the keel appeared glabrous (hard call to make though, as the flower was so tiny--hard to tell for certain even with my pocket lens), didn't appear to have cotyledons, the bracts seemed deciduous, etc. Am I misunderstanding what whorled flowers can look like, or is it just not as important that they're whorled, or do they get whorled flowers later in the season, or something else...? I've yet to observe the fruit of these, maybe I'll have to keep an eye out for them.
I'm looking and I apparently don't have any photos of the ones I suspect are L. nanus from this population, but both of the species were present and mingled in the same patch of earth all over the hillside, with this species being much larger and obvious. I did check the dimensions of the banner and it was about the same length as width, couldn't find cotyledons, etc... But, well, next time I go out I'll need to actually try documenting them, I suppose.
There is one more patch on a different hill that blooms about a month later than these other two and I DO believe I saw cotyledons on this one (!!!) and they are a lovely soft purple color when they bloom. Looking forward to them in another couple weeks to compare.
Anyway, thank you for the advice, I am determined to get some of these lupine species nailed down during this season if it kills me. I did just discover that using KeyBase I can restrict the species shown in the key to only the ones in Central Western CA, and I hope clearing out some of the excess noise in the key will make it easier for me to parse... https://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/filter_keys.html
@ekmes Yes, the keybase filter is helpful, also using Calflora range maps is helpful.
First, let me say that L. bicolor seems to be highly variable. Next, when you look for hairs on the keel, be sure to remove the wings completely to get a good look. I sometimes use precision tweezers and a scalpel.
That observation you posted does look like L. bicolor, except for the flowers don't look whorled, but again, L. bicolor could be variable. In your photos, all of the flowers are not open yet, so I'm not sure if that has something to do with it, or maybe flowers fell off?
I think you have the right idea about what whorled means. All of the pedicels are attached around the same point on the inflorescense axis.
Yes, the cotyledons are tough to find sometimes, for sure. You need to find young seedlings or attempt to dig down a bit. If they are gone, you can come back and look at the fruit instead. It is either / or but the flowering stage is ambiguous.
The local key that Dave Krause posted above is also helpful, although the formatting is a bit off, but that's ok.
One thing I learned from that information is the pedicel length is very important.
For L. bicolor pedicels usually 1-3(3.5) mm (where 3.5 is an unusually large exception). For L. nanus banner petal as wide as long or wider; pedicels (2.5) 3-9 mm (where 2.5 is an unusually small exception).
To further muddle things, watch out for the word "generally" or "usually" because it means there could be an exception. For example:
"Pod 3-6 mm wide; upper keel-petal margin usually
distally ciliate" L. bicolor
So.... maybe sometimes there are no hairs on the outer part of the keel (meaning middle to tip).
Distally means away from the peduncle and pedicel, proximally is the opposite.
Another thing is to look at the calyx and if it is divided or "lobed."
I'm often gone during the M-F work week with no internet, but I check in on the weekend. So, feel free to tag me on observations, but it could be a few days until I reply.
@leafybye Thank you so, so much for your patience and help! Lupines have been a favorite of mine for a while (I come from Texas where we are wild about bluebonnets...) but have found myself so frequently stymied by the keys. I finally feel like I can confidently work my way through a key, and have uploaded three separate species observations today: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?created_on=2021-04-20&place_id=any&taxon_id=47121&user_id=ekmes&verifiable=any edit: and found one more lupine this morning while birding! https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/74759411 I've also keyed out a couple of your observations you tagged me in as practice (thanks for that!). I'm feeling much more sure of myself now.
I will have to pay closer attention to and compare the pedicels of my flowers more often if they are so important...
Cool, I will look at them.
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