...continued from https://www.inaturalist.org/posts/55779-the-muzzle-ring-as-a-deep-ancestral-marker-in-deer-part-1#
The muzzle-ring, described in part 1, extends on to the lower jaw in the form of a dark marking near the corner of the mouth (e.g. Rucervus eldi https://www.gettyimages.com.au/detail/video/close-up-brow-antlered-deer-is-chewing-the-food-stock-footage/186723543?adppopup=true and Cervus elaphus https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/64242548). Because this is the only part of the muzzle-ring that remains in many species of deer (particularly in females of cervine deer), it deserves a name in its own right: the gape-spot.
What emerges is the following generalisation.
No feature of colouration in deer (Cervidae) rivals the gape-spot in its consistent presence - albeit in many cases as only a faint trace - across subfamilies, genera, species, sexes, ages and individuals. At the same time, the gape-spot is consistently absent from bovids (Bovidae).
Although several species of deer (e.g. Muntiacus reevesi) lack the gape-spot, this feature can be seen in most genera and is virtually diagnostic of the family Cervidae as opposed to Bovidae.
This means that the gape-spot seems to be one of the deepest ancestral markers to be found in the colouration of ruminants.
Where the gape-spot is well-developed, it possibly forms part of buccal semets (see previous Posts). However, in many species of deer it is so faint, so small, and so individually variable that it seems to be vestigial.
Again, I have tried to standardise the illustrations below by choosing females as far as possible. However, in some cases I have included males because, in general, the gape-spot seems to be somewhat better-developed in males than in females.
ODOCOILEINES
Alces alces https://www.gettyimages.com.au/detail/photo/moose-royalty-free-image/1300333648?adppopup=true and https://www.gettyimages.com.au/detail/photo/norway-bardu-profile-of-an-elk-in-winter-royalty-free-image/548309669?adppopup=true and https://carolondenman.files.wordpress.com/2015/01/p1190242.jpg and https://www.gettyimages.com.au/detail/photo/young-elk-with-head-up-royalty-free-image/1287044771?adppopup=true
Rangifer tarandus https://www.gettyimages.com.au/detail/video/reindeer-close-up-sweden-stock-footage/jft03470 and https://www.shutterstock.com/nb/video/clip-1026346898-close-slowmotion-reindeer-eating-while-watching-camera
Capreolus capreolus https://www.alamy.com/ree-close-up-roe-deer-close-up-image211577197.html and https://www.shutterstock.com/nb/image-photo/european-roe-deer-capreolus-3-years-104241920 and https://www.shutterstock.com/nb/image-photo/european-roe-deer-capreolus-3-years-104241935
Hydropotes inermis https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/mammals/chinese-water-deer and https://www.animalspot.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Chinese-Water-Deer-Female.jpg and https://www.alamy.com/chinese-water-deer-hydropotes-inermis-female-image61782239.html and https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/chinese-water-deer-gm1148247620-310039642
Odocoileus virginianus https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-close-up-head-of-whitetail-doe-side-view-102118313.html and https://www.gettyimages.com.au/detail/photo/profile-of-deer-royalty-free-image/150323281?adppopup=true
Odocoileus hemionus hemionus https://www.pond5.com/stock-footage/item/89341508-female-mule-deer-face-big-ears-close
Odocoileus hemionus columbianus https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/side-profile-female-black-tailed-deer-717758929
Blastocerus dichotomus https://animalia.bio/marsh-deer and https://www.dreamstime.com/female-marsh-deer-blastocerus-dichotomus-female-marsh-deer-blastocerus-dichotomus-eating-grass-image112445694 and https://www.dreamstime.com/female-marsh-deer-blastocerus-dichotomus-closeup-looking-camera-image112445774
Ozotoceros bezoarticus https://www.dreamstime.com/stock-images-pampas-deer-eating-grass-image10037244 and https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pampas_deer_doe_Pousada_Embiara.jpg and male: https://www.sciencephoto.com/media/493604/view/pampas-deer-in-a-meadow
Hippocamelus bisulcus https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/guemal-hippocamelus-bisulcus-in-deep-snow-on-a-mountain-side-in-winter-in-torres-del-gm947670896-258749642 and https://business.facebook.com/fundacionrewildingchile/photos/pcb.3025965137635511/3025964957635529/?type=3&theater and https://business.facebook.com/fundacionrewildingchile/photos/pcb.3025965137635511/3025964964302195/?type=3&theater
Mazama gouazoubira https://www.zootierliste.de/en/?klasse=1&ordnung=121&familie=12109&art=1160417 and https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-red-brocket-deer-mazama-americana-pantanal-wetlands-southwestern-brazil-43936664.html and https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-red-brocket-deer-mazama-americana-caatinga-brazil-125321641.html
Mazama pandora https://www.researchgate.net/figure/A-male-Yucatan-brown-brocket-deer-Photo-by-M-Weber_fig3_234028918
Mazama americana https://www.naturepl.com/stock-photo-red-brocket-deer-mazama-americana--captive-in-santa-fe-zoological-image01535491.html and https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-red-brocket-deer-mazama-americana-pantanal-wetlands-southwestern-brazil-43936657.html and https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-red-brocket-deer-mazama-americana-pantanal-wetlands-southwestern-brazil-43936651.html and https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Mazama_americana/pictures/collections/contributors/beth_lauder/brocket_deer1/ and https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-the-lesser-antilles-barbados-parish-saint-michael-west-indies-capital-111691863.html
Mazama rufina? https://www.shutterstock.com/nb/image-photo/northern-pudu-mephistophiles-ecuador-smallest-species-1837949755 and https://www.shutterstock.com/nb/image-photo/northern-pudu-mephistophiles-ecuador-smallest-species-1837949761
Pudu puda https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-pudu-pudu-pudu-pudu-puda-female-portrait-found-in-south-america-captive-51013860.html and https://www.alamy.com/chilean-pudu-image9175231.html
CERVINES
Cervus canadensis https://www.gettyimages.com.au/detail/photo/lady-elk-in-the-sun-royalty-free-image/1129958471?adppopup=true and https://www.shutterstock.com/nb/video/clip-1042086229-close-altai-maral-wapiti-deer-on-sunny-day
Cervus elaphus https://www.gettyimages.com.au/detail/video/deer-in-flower-stock-footage/472483201?adppopup=true and https://www.gettyimages.com.au/detail/photo/side-view-of-a-doe-on-field-royalty-free-image/1205792600?adppopup=true
Cervus nippon https://unsplash.com/photos/WOZUO_D5zRs and https://www.dreamstime.com/sika-deer-stag-hind-calf-portrait-long-grass-sika-deer-stag-hind-calf-harem-close-up-portrait-long-grass-image103071681 and https://www.gettyimages.com.au/detail/video/deer-is-turning-back-slow-motion-shot-stock-footage/1293404811?adppopup=true
Cervus albirostris https://www.agefotostock.com/age/en/details-photo/thorold-s-white-lipped-deer-female-showing-heavy-neck-mane-cervus-albirostris/MEV-10853494 and male: https://www.shutterstock.com/nb/image-photo/profile-thorolds-deer-cervus-albirostris-1491267845
Rusa unicolor https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-sambar-deer-side-view-head-india-92758656.html and https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-sambar-deer-cervus-unicolor-in-bandipur-national-park-india-86543727.html
Rusa timoriensis https://www.alamy.com/javan-rusa-or-sunda-sambar-rusa-timorensis-russa-image260896269.html and https://www.alamy.com/sunda-sambar-deer-rusa-timorensis-chewing-its-cud-handeuleum-island-image68824929.html and male: https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-adult-buck-timor-rusa-deer-cervus-timorensis-in-velvet-on-rinca-island-128440566.html and https://www.alamy.com/javan-rusa-or-sunda-sambar-rusa-timorensis-russa-image260896143.html and https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-komodo-deer-in-close-up-57053097.html
Rusa alfredi https://depositphotos.com/345232188/stock-photo-close-up-of-a-visayan.html
Rucervus eldi https://www.everypixel.com/q/deer-female?image_id=907206528684037280 and https://stock.adobe.com/search?k=deer+head+side&asset_id=353099905 and https://www.shutterstock.com/nb/image-photo/beautiful-sambar-deer-rusa-unicolor-jungle-1969467697?irclickid=xABUceQmnxyOWXNwUx0Mo3kTUkBTzuWBtyBzXo0&irgwc=1&utm_medium=Affiliate&utm_campaign=Amarelo+s.r.o.&utm_source=95937&utm_term=&c3ch=Affiliate&c3nid=IR-95937 and https://www.stockfreeimages.com/13957728/Deer.html and https://www.gettyimages.com.au/detail/video/happy-boy-stretches-out-his-hand-and-feeds-a-food-deer-stock-footage/1201983149?adppopup=true and https://www.gettyimages.com.au/detail/video/close-up-brow-antlered-deer-is-chewing-the-food-stock-footage/186723538?adppopup=true and https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/close-young-swamp-deer-rucervus-duvaucelii-215022199
Rucervus duvaucelii https://www.dreamstime.com/stock-photo-barasingha-rucervus-duvaucelii-large-wild-meadow-image66955790 and https://www.alamy.com/barasingha-deer-rucervus-duvaucelii-cervus-duvaucelii-at-a-zoo-in-bavaria-germany-europe-image278876889.html and https://rcannon993.files.wordpress.com/2016/03/barasingha-or-swamp-deer-rucervus-duvaucelii-syn-cervus-duvaucelii-female-with-jungle-mynas.jpg
Dama dama https://www.agefotostock.com/age/en/details-photo/fallow-deer-dama-dama-portrait-female-captive-bavaria-germany/IBK-4023171/1 and https://www.agefotostock.com/age/en/details-photo/dama-dama-fallow-deer/ZON-5539188/1 and https://www.agefotostock.com/age/en/details-photo/damwild/ESY-022614171/1 and https://www.alamy.com/fallow-deer-backlit-up-close-image385132688.html and https://www.stockfreeimages.com/15102861/Side-profile-shot-of-a-doe-fallow-deer.html and https://www.gettyimages.com.au/detail/photo/fallow-deer-waiting-to-be-feed-royalty-free-image/1219863890?adppopup=true
Elaphurus davidianus https://www.alamy.com/milu-helsinki-image430447599.html and https://www.alamy.com/pere-david-deer-image9987263.html
Axis axis https://www.gettyimages.com.au/detail/video/deer-india-stock-video-footage/1317940880?adppopup=true and https://www.gettyimages.com.au/detail/video/spotted-deer-watching-around-and-turn-to-look-at-the-stock-footage/1287545670?adppopup=true and male: https://www.123rf.com/photo_45046219_deer-s-face.html
Hyelaphus porcinus https://www.flickr.com/photos/cirdan-travels/25330806054 and male: https://www.gettyimages.com.au/detail/video/head-of-leader-of-deer-looking-at-camera-stock-footage/1186336544?adppopup=true
Hyelaphus kuhlii https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bawean_deer_close.jpg and http://shutterstock.puzzlepix.hu/kep/1878447718 and http://shutterstock.puzzlepix.hu/kep/1878447715
Muntiacus muntjak https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/portrait-of-muntjac-close-up-full-body-gm698123956-129343601 and https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/close-muntjac-deer-1035038680 and https://www.zoochat.com/community/media/indian-muntjac.491032/ and https://www.zoochat.com/community/media/indian-muntjac.491032/
Muntiacus reevesi https://www.gettyimages.com.au/detail/photo/the-tusk-and-eye-scent-gland-of-a-muntjac-also-royalty-free-image/497331605?adppopup=true and https://depositphotos.com/465079932/stock-photo-magnificent-female-muntjac-deer-muntiacus.html and https://depositphotos.com/313596300/stock-photo-profile-muntjacs-portrait.html and https://www.alamy.com/also-called-muntjacs-barking-deer-or-mastreani-deer-are-small-deer-native-to-south-and-southeast-asia-image329808000.html and https://www.alamy.com/reeves-muntjac-muntiacus-reevesi-image437603028.html and https://www.alamy.com/reevess-muntjac-muntiacus-reevesi-close-up-of-adult-female-head-eccles-on-sea-norfolk-uk-december-image414848488.html and https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-chinese-muntjac-reeves-muntjac-muntiacus-reevesi-portrait-47922707.html
Muntiacus feae https://depositphotos.com/109219124/stock-photo-fea-muntjac-tenasserim-muntjac-muntiacus.html
Elaphodus cephalophus https://www.alamy.com/close-up-of-the-head-of-a-female-chinese-tufted-deer-laphodus-cephalophus-image154264537.html
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